For a second year, the report does not just cover the EU’s 27 member states but also includes chapters dedicated to developments in Albania, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia.

The Commission said this year’s report confirms a “positive trajectory in many member states” in the areas of justice, anti-corruption, media freedom and institutional checks and balances.

“While challenges remain in some member states, and in a few cases the situation is serious, the overall engagement with the process remains strong, and member states have addressed a substantial number of the 2024 recommendations, in full or in part,” it added.

Henna Virkkunen, the Commission’s executive vice-president for tech sovereignty, security and democracy, said: “One thing is clear: the rule of law is the cornerstone of our democracies. But it is also integral for the future of our economies and for Europe’s security.

“By sharpening our tools, like the rule of law report, we are not only defending our core values, we are also building trust, attracting investment, and fuelling growth. Respect for the rule of law is not optional – it is the only option.”

Marta Kos, commissioner for enlargement, said: “The rule of law is at the core of EU enlargement policy. It is the foundation of any democracy, secure society and strong economy.

“This report helps candidate countries plan their reform path. It measures them by the same yardstick as our member states.”

Michael McGrath, commissioner for democracy, justice, the rule of law and consumer protection, added: “The European Union stands for legal certainty — and with that comes economic stability and prosperity.

“The 2025 report’s main novelty is its stronger focus on the single market. The rule of law is not only vital for democracy and security, but also for our economy. This is our competitive edge.”